Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)
Receptor tyrosine kinases, or RTKs, are single membrane receptors and are defined by the presence of tyrosine kinase activity at the main cytoplasmic constituent and initiator of signal transduction. It controls the proliferation and differentiation. There are 58 receptor tyrosine kinases encoded in the human genome, several of which are important in hormone signaling. These receptors dimerize upon the binding of ligand molecules. In some cases, closely related receptors like EGFR and HER2 in the same cell may heterodimerize. The insulin and IGF-1 receptors, members of the same family, are an exception. They exist as dimers of two hemireceptors, each consisting of two subunits, the extracellular α-subunit and the intracellular β-subunit, joined by disulfide bonds. RTKs activate numerous signaling pathways within cells, leading to cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, or metabolic changes. RTKs have been implicated in the progression of diseases such as cancer, diabetic retinopathy, atherosclerosis, and psoriasis. Protein kinases, including RTKs, are one of the most regular mutated gene families in cancer. There are four main mechanisms of RTK dysregulation in human cancers: genomic rearrangements, autocrine activation, overexpression and gain- or loss-of-function mutations. With the discovery of receptor tyrosine kinases came the development of first generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) for the targeted treatment of over-expressing cancer forms. Three first generation examples of TKIs are gefitinib, erlotinib and crizotinib. These three TKIs are approved for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancers carrying specific RTK mutations.
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